Thetis

Mannheimer Beiträge zur klassischen Archäologie und Geschichte Griechenlands und Zyperns
Herausgegeben von Reinhard Stupperich und Heinz A. Richter

Band 11/12 (2005) ISBN 978-3-941336-41-4

• Apollon und die Labyrinthe
• Erika Simon
  The first Greek representation of a labyrinth is on a clay tablet from Pylos of about 1200 B. C., whereas the phrase mistress of the labyrinth” appears on a Linear B-tablet from Knosos. Half a millennium later the labyrinth symbol appears on a small steatite object that was excavated in the Delion on the island of Paros and published last year. It was an ex-voto for Apollo. In this article Apollo’s hitherto unknown connection to the labyrinth is shown in different examples: the dance of the Athenian children on Delos, the architecture of the temple in Didyma, and the Iusus Troiae by young Etruscan and Roman riders. Apollo’s sister Artemis, perhaps “mistress of the labyrinth” on the above mentioned Knosos tablet, has similar connections. On the Kleitias krater in Florence, she is represented on both handles that frame the labyrinth dance of the Athenian children.
• Die Königsgräber von Tamassos
• Hans-Günter Buchholz - Hartmut Matthäus - Katja Walcher
  Prof. Dr. Hans-Günter Buchholz (Langgöns), director of the German Tamassos expedition, and Prof. Dr. Hartmut Matthäus (University of Erlangen-Nürnberg) have decided to work together in order to finish the publication of the German excavations at Tamassos, modern Politiko, in central Cyprus. The first objective of their joint efforts will be the study and publication of the so-called Royal Tombs north of the city-wall of Tamassos. This project is sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which provided the necessary funds to make the participation of two young scholars possible: Katja Walcher, M.A. (University of Erlangen-Nürnberg), who is preparing a Ph.D thesis on the architecture and architectural decoration of the tombs, and Dr. Friederike Bubenheimer-Erhart (Vienna), who studies the most important find group, metal objects and jewellery. Tamassos, situated in a region of Cyprus which is rich in copper ores, was situated near Ledrai and Idalion, the most prominent city-states in the centre of the island. Mentioned already in the Odyssey and in the well-known inscription of the Assyrian king Asarhaddon, Tamassos flourished in the Cypro-Archaic period. The most important monuments of this period of cultural akme are the Royal Tombs - four exceptionally large and richly furnished tombs in a cemetery of 24 tombs altogether. The rich decoration of two is unique in Cyprus, with Proto-Aeolic pilasters flanking the entrances, false windows, false doors and stone imitations of wooden architectural features. The architectural concept seems to follow Phoenician traditions. Among the rich finds there are splendid iron swords, iron obeloi (spits) used for banqueting, bronze helmets and shields, bronze horse gear (in tomb 4 a chariot with horses was buried in the dromos as in the Royal Tombs of Salamis), metal vases, bronze incense burners, jewellery, scarabs and gems. The burial gifts are a mixture of elements of local Cypriot, Phoenician and Greek origin - quite typical for the cultural world of the social élite of Archaic Cyprus. Tamassos was excavated by one of the pioneers of Cypriot archaeology in the nineteenth century, Max Ohnefalsch-Richter, and again in the 1970s by Hans-Günter Buchholz (at that time Professor at the University of Gießen). Apart from the Royal Tombs, several cemeteries, part of the city itself with two sanctuaries near the city-wall, sanctuaries in the periphery of the city, rich in sculptural finds, have been investigated. This article attempts to provide a summary of the current state of research.
• Keramik und Kult im Dromos der Tholos bei Menidi
• Maria Deoudi
  From the end of the 8th century B.C. to the late classical times the LH III A-B Tholos Tomb of Menidi in Attica was established as a cult place. The items - and especially the ceramics found in the upper layer of the filled dromos of the tomb are relicts of the cult practices that were used to honour a possibly in antiquity also unknown receipient.
• Heidelberger Sirenen
• Silke Knippschild
  A previously unpublished Etruscan black-figure vase fragment (Antikenmuseum des Archäologischen Instituts, Heidelberg) bears a rather unusual depiction of a siren. The mythical creature is executed in a distinct style that is paralleled by sirens on two vases in the Akademisches Kunstmuseum, Bonn. Particularly noteworthy are the curved claws, spindly legs, and buds growing out of the heads of the sirens on a long stem. The manner of figural representation and use of incision is unique to these vases. The striking similarities thus identify a common painter whom I propose to name, in accordance with his most characteristic representation, the Painter of the Heidelberg Sirens. In the past, the three vessels were attributed to the corpus of vases of the Silenus Painter, which was considered to be ambivalent and lacking characteristic features. By withdrawing the oeuvre of the Painter of the Heidelberg Sirens, which incidentally was the main cause of the supposed lack of coherence in the Silenus Painter’s work, his production now demonstrates an unique and easily discernible style.
• Aus den Sammlungen des Archäologischen Institutes der Universität des Saarlandes
• Isabelle Haßler, Heidi Kügler und Rebekka Otto
  A selection of some interesting ancient Greek sherds from the collection of the Institute of Archaeology of the University of the Saarland at Saarbrücken is presented here, with description, definition of origin and dating.
• Überlegungen zur Verbreitung und Funktion rotfiguriger Keramik im nordwestlichen Pontos-Gebiet
• Valeriu Banaru
  The purpose of this article is to review ideas about the distribution of attic red figure ware in some culturally different border territories as presented in Ulrike Fless’ recently published book. Fless compared three regions of the Black Sea area: western Apollonia, the Bulgarian hinterland, and the northeast Chersoneses and Pantikapaion. She did not take the northwestern region of the Black Sea into consideration. It is the aim of this essay to close the geographical gap in Fless’s work at least partly. Therefore, it is necessary to record the finds of red figure ware from this area as completely as possible. In so doing, it is necessary to examine aspects of area, quantity and chronology. These finds need to be compared with those from the areas neighboring those Fless has dealt with. Finds from the hinterland of the colonies in the northwestern Pontos must be taken into account first, because up to now they have not been summarized and analyzed in any specialist literature.
• Die Bedeutung des Heiligtums und die Athener Feste bei Thukydides
• Sofia Stamoulis
  The fact that almost everything in antiquity in both public and in private life was sanctified by religion is shown by an astonishing number of exemples drawn from the text of Thucydides. The author mentions not only cults and sancturies, but also goes through all the festival during the course of the year systematically. Religious life was fairly conservative. Even the democratic institutions were sanctified by religious bonds. Life in classical antiquity was stabilised by cult traditions with their regular cycles, uniting people, and sometimes releasing the citizens from the pressure of their social positions. A balance of work and recreation during religious feasts contributed enormously to keeping up the balance of public life. Thus religion could function as a safety valve.
• Die unbeachtete Herme eines Platonikers aus der athenischen Akademie
• Gerfried Christian Mandl
  In 1930 a herm was found in the vicinity of Kolonos Hippios, near Athens, bearing the name of a Platonic philosopher from the Roman period. This seems to be the first archaeological evidence of a philosopher from the surroundings of the Ancient Academy. The paper considers the possibility that the find is evidence for the location of the Academy of the Classical period. Further, this paper treats the contribution of this find to our understanding of Platonic philosophers in Roman Athens.
• Die Stellung des Altmakedonischen im Rahmen der Balkansprachen
• Robert Schmitt-Brandt
  Our understanding of ancient Balkan languages is inhibited by Romanisation, the changing of tribes (i. e., the invasion of Slaves and the Hungarians), and the fact that only a few inscriptions are preserved (Thracian and Messapian). For the same reasons the origin of the Albanian language is not clear. In my opinion it is Dacian with an Illyrian Element. Only a few words of the ancient Macedonian language survive, and these suggest a Greek rather than an Illyrian or Thracian connection. For this reason we must accept an early community employing the Greek language, with elements in the north who were not included in the interaction that took place in the south between the Greek and pre-Greek cultures.
• Makedonien als politischer Begriff in griechischer Zeit
• Michael Zahrnt
  For the author of the Iliad, the area between Mount Olympus and the river Axios was no man’s land. Although he knew of its existence, he did not mention any inhabitants. The first references to Macedonians as well as to a country of Macedonia can be found in the Catalogue of Women, which has come down to us as a work of Hesiod. He tells how Macedonians and Magnetes settle in Pirin, and near Mount Olympus. Another writer, who mentions Macedonia, is Hecataeus of Miletus, and for him Macedonia ends at the river Axios. East of the river it stretches to the Chersonese and to the Haimos in Thrace. Moreover, he writes about Thrace as if it was inhabited by different peoples, and as if it were a geographical term. But these facts can only be assumed, because Hecataeus’ work has only survived in fragments. It can be proved, howver, that Hesiod used Hecataeus’ work as a source for his description of the campaign of Xerxes. Thucydides and Xenophon similarly use Macedonia as a political term, and Thrace as a geographical term. The works of these later historians are all fragmentary, but the fragments show that these writers follow this traditional division. Finally, we ask why these two different terms were employed.
• Das erste balkanische Herrschaftsmuster der Antike: Makedonien
• Vladimir Iliescu
  During sixty years (339-279 b. C.) the kingdom of Macedonia realized the first model of imperial predominance of the Balcans. So it established the northern borders on the Lower Danube und controlled by the navy the straits of Bosporus and of the Dardanelles. The Black Sea became an inland lake and a great part of its shores inclusive of Krime came under imperial control. The empire tried to exercise its hegemony also beyond the Danube. This pattern explains the actions of King Philip II, Alexander the Great, Lysimachos or governor Zopyrions actions in this area. The model was reiterated by the Roman, the Byzantine and the Turkish Empire in the next 2000 years.
• Athen und Alexander
• Gerhard Wirth
  Athens within the Macedonian hegemony und later the empire of Alexander played a special role, not only in Greece. This shows the tolerated stabilasation, in particular unter Lycurg. Best social and economic circumstances were created by all even the anti Macedonian party. This substanciates an unmistakable loyality. Both sides are involved to preserve this loyality even after Alexanders return from the east. That is way the seccesion after his death happend not because of him or impertinences but because of the vague futur under his successors. After 322 neather Athens nor Greece is independent. The History oh Greece is over from this time on.
• Überlegungen zur Ikonographie des Alexandermosaiks und zu den Sarissophoren (u.a. Arr. I 14,1 und IV 4,6)r
• Norbert Kramer
  The great Alexander-mosaic shows the macedonian king carrying a significant long lance - probably a sarissa - with only one hand and throwing down his enemy in a extremly powerful manner. This situation at all seems not very likely in reality. There are two main reasons for the ignorance of this problem in the archaeological discussion. First, the opinion prevailed that realism has been the keynote of the mosaic. Second, some ancient sources, namely Arrian, testify a special cavalry-unit called sarissophoroi. But these horsemen for many reasons have nothing in common with their king. The striking scene is not a copy of reality, but rather a kind of code to demonstrate the immediate nearness of Alexander and the danger for Darius.
• Der Apollonkopf v. Heyl
• Reinhard Stupperich
  Traces of restauration and reworking on an ancient marble head from the former collection of the Hessian general Max v. Heyl with an astonishing hairstyle are interpreted here as representing two stages of a classical representation of the god Apollo as well as modern restauration of the sculpture.
• Zum Pseudo-Seneca. Der Bedeutungsgehalt eines Kunstwerks
• Werner Fuchs
  This paper examines an extremely expressive Hellenistic portrait type of an old bearded poet, that was used by P. P. Rubens as prototype of his portraits of the dying Seneca. It has been copied so many times by the Romans that it must be one of the most prominent of Greek poets that were read in Roman schools. We have an Hellenistic portrait of Homer and a portrait of Menander, which both show completely different people, it must be the third of them, Euripides, as was suggested by Emanuel Löwy. As he is looking upwards in anger he may be represented at the moment of his death in Macedonia, were he was killed by brutal dogs, as was reported by later vita writers - probably misunderstanding the joke of an ancient Comedian’s joke.

• Mazedonien in der Kosmographie des Aethicus Hister
• Hermann Walter
  The chapter on Macedonia, in the Cosmography of Aethicus Hister, is difficult to approach in many respects. That is why it seems to have been of little interest to modern research on Macedonia. The first part of the article summarizes research about the writer, and the second part consists of an annotated translation of the chapter about Macedonia.
• “Der Tod des Doppeladlers”. Die Belagerung Konstantinopels im Jahre1453 und der Untergang des byzantinischen Reiches
• Hans Peter Todt
  The conquest and plundering of Constantinople by Crusaders and Venetians in April 1204 was a fatal blow for the Byzantine Empire. In August 1261 Constantinople was reconquered by the forces of Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, but the city never regained her former population and prosperity. During a Byzantine civil war the Ottoman Turks occupied Gallipoli and started the conquest of South Eastern Europe. Only Constantinople and the Byzantine Peloponnes resisted until 1452. The building of the fortress of Rumeli hisari on the European coast of the Bosporus between March and August 1452 to interrupt Constantinople´s connections with the Black-Sea-region was the first step of Sultan Mehmed II (1451-1481) to prepare the conquest of Constantinople. Thanks to their numerical superiority and the massive deployment of heavy artillery after a siege of eighty days (2 April-29 May 1453) the troops of the Sultan took Constantinople by storm. Emperor Constantine XI Palaeologus fell. With the fall of Constantinople in May 1453 and the conquest of the Peloponnes and Trebizond in 1458 and 1461 respect ively after a history of 1100 years the Byzantine Empire came to an end.

• Altgriechisches Erbe als Kristallisationselement des neuzeitlichen Kulturverständnisses
• Danae Coulmas
  In the course of time the Greeks’ relationship to their past has experienced deep changes - and it is to be interpreted as a complex and contradictory process. In contrast the other European peoples notion of Hellas is constant and almost onesided. This idea was formed mainly by German Idealism, whose constitutive element has been Philhellinism as there is Winkelmann’s apollinic interpretation of greek art; Hölderlin’s, Schiller’s and Goethe’s idealistic search of Hellas and later Nietzsche’s Dionysic notion of tragedy. Greek antiquity has also been used for racist Propaganda during the 20th Century (national socialism). Antique literary subjects are also being used for critical interpretation of one’s own political Situation (authors of the former GDR). All over the world but especially in Germany the Hellenic cultural heritage has been an Instrument for finding ones’ identity, orientating itself only along classical time.
  The Greeks own reception of antiquity includes its literary heritage from Homeric up to Hellenistic time. They regard antiquity as part of their own history which especially in times of danger creates identity - such at the time of the 4th crusade when Byzantines, confronted with Christian Occident’ s encroachment, called themselves again Ellines. One can spot historically founded extremes in this reception, though: In early Byzyantine humanism (7., 8. cent.) antiquity was handed down and preserved whereas it was removed into nearly mythical distance at the time of Osmanic occupation. (1452-1821) Before and during the Greek Revolution (1821-1826) the Greeks use their cultural heritage quite consciously as an Impulse in fighting for freedom. In the 20th Century it is in Greece also being misused for political aims (especially by the Obrists’ regime 1967-1974); ironically this provoked a dismythologization of perverted antique ideals. References to the classical heritage are still to be found in modern Greek literature, especially in poesy: as a tragical conciousness of past glory with Jorgos Seferis (Nobel 1963), as an ecstatical experience of nature and as a special awareness of the language with Odysseas Elytis (Nobel 1979) and as a pure cultural patriotism with the most important Greek poet Konstantinos Kavafis (1863-1933). All of them - as by the way in a less reflected manner Greeks generally do - understand antiquity as an element for cristallization of their modern understanding of culture.
• Schiller im Mannheimer Antikensaal
• Wolfgang Schiering
  Among the many 18th century visitors of the Mannheim gallery of casts of antique sculptures (“Antikensaal”) was the poet Friedrich Schiller. As he had a keen interest in classical antiquities he visited the “Antikensaal” a couple of times and stayed there much longer than most of the other visitors. At the same time he took a much closer look at the sculptures. Judging from the sculptures mentioned in Schiller’s fictive “letter of a travelling Dane” the poet’s attitude towards ancient sculpture in general is analysed, starting with an hypothesis about the “Drunken old women” in Munich, which was housed in Mannheim until 1803. Some examples are selected which show that Schiller was well acquainted with Winckelmann’s works as well as Herder’s important paper on sculpture (“Plastik”, 1778). Schiller’s description of the Vatican Apollo is a good proof of his high interest in ancient art and his importance for the cultural history of the period of Winckelmann. Finally some remarks about a group called “Caunus and Byblis” at that time, which plays a signifying role in the first act of his “Don Carlos”.
• The sephardic Jews of Thessaloniki
• Barbara Spengler-Axiopoulos
  In 1492, thousands of Jews expelled from Spain immigrated to Thessaloniki, which thereafter became an important jewish center. Saloniki then belonged to the Ottoman Empire, and Sultan Bayazid II knew why he gave a warm welcome to the urbane and versatile Sephardim: they changed the insignificant town of Saloniki into a metropolis of jewish docility and mercantile spirit. Saloniki became the most important community of the Sephardic Judaism, second only to Amsterdam. In contrast to Middle and Western Europe, ghettos were unknown in the Ottoman Empire, and exclusions or persecutions of the Jews were exceptional. When Thessaloniki was integrated into the Greek State in 1912, the situation changed for the priviledged Jews: They were forced to conform to the requirements of the nation state. In 1924, the Sabbath as a general holiday was abolished, and in the 1930's the so-called Campbell-Pogrom took place. Finally, in 1943, the famous jewish community of Saloniki was destroyed by the Nazis and their willing accomplices in a mindless act of violence. Some 56,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz. Today, the roughly one thousand Jews who live in Saloniki still have to cope with underlying greek anti-Semitism, and avoid professing their Religion in public, but rather practice a kind of "private Judaism".
• Victorian Classicists and Modern Greece: A Critical Commentary on Periodical Sources
• Kyriakos N. Demetriou
  This essay illuminates aspects of the reception of modern Greece by nineteenth-century British classicists (John Stuart Blackie, Edward Augustus Freeman, and John Pentland Mahaffy), primarily centred around questions of Hellenic national identity, through an examination of widely neglected sources such as those found in Victorian journals and periodical publications. It is suggested that the idea of Greek national integrity and national progress espoused by the British liberal philhellenes of the first generation was informed by a mainstream political philosophy that emphasized the importance of constitutional democracy. The emergence of Greek nationalism led them to dissociate themselves from the Greek cause and the “idea of Greece” became unpopular. Unlike them, classical scholars – who entered the field of public debate in the middle of the century with a view to defending the Greeks – irrespective of the contingencies or ideological sensibilities that shaped their dealing with modern Greece, believed that they were, above all, morally committed to sympathise with the concerns and anxieties of the people of liberated Hellas. Yet, even amongst classicists, we cannot identify a homogeneous or equally persistent championship of the Greek claims to their national origins.
• Die Rolle der Tradition in der modernen Kunst Griechenlands
• Eleni Gemtou
  The objective of this article is to investigate the role of tradition in societies that do not possess strong formal institutions to give their citizens a feeling of security and competence. As case study is chosen 20th Century Greece and especially Greek modern art: the Greek painters, while they are influenced perceptibly by western modernism, maintain the traditional ideal of the fundamental importance of the subject in relation to the form, selecting themes mainly from the classic antiquity, Byzantium, popular culture and Greek nature. Because of the peculiar historical and political situation that followed the liberation from the Ottoman Empire and lasted up to the greater part of the 20th Century, the political and intellectual leadership of Greece promoted in every possible way the survival of national tradition, attempting to fill the void created by the dysfunction of formal institutions. However, many people’s intention to establish an one-sided projection of tradition while isolating from western civilization failed. The only result was the creation of a new artistic expression, which combines Greek traditional subjects with the formal language of European modernism. The article stresses also the fact that western modern artists, although they aim at the removal of all traditional influence, do not manage to release themselves completely from the past. Tradition constitutes an essential part of the institutional structure of a society, evolves gradually and slowly and is very hard to be modified and determined by external interventions.
• “Im Herzen Grieche und im Geiste Christen zu sein, das oder das Garnichts ist unsere Lage”. Zum 100. Geburtstag Erhart Kästners
• Julia Freifrau Hiller von Gaertringen
  Erhart Kästner’s stylistically polished and artistically composed prose works convinced the literary criticism in the fifties and sixties of the 20th century and reached a numerous and devoted readership. Till today they haven’t lost the conciseness, imagery and plasticity of their poetic diction and have had a lasting influence regarding their intellectual substance. Primarily Kästner is known through his books about Greece: "Kreta", "Griechische Inseln", "Ölberge, Weinberge", "Die Stundentrommel vom heiligen Berg Athos" and, additionally, "Die Lerchenschule" and "Aufstand der Dinge“. Greece is the central topic of his literary work. This contribution reports on Kästners stay in Greece during the occupation period 1941-1944 and on later journeys. It describes, how his conventional romantic concept of Greece changed into an individual literary interpretation of the Greek world in the field of tension between Antiquity and Christianity during the post-war era.
• The Architect Dimitris Pikionis (1887-1968) and the experience of his teaching at the Technical University of Athens
• Alexander Papageorgiou-Venetas
  It is well known that the area surrounding the Athenian acropolis was redesigned in the 1950s in a very pleasant, though highly ideosyncratic, and sometimes even mannered way by the architect Dimitrios Pikionis. The author, who studied with him at the Athens Polytechnion, describes the teaching style of this very individual teacher and critically analyses his approach to architectural problems and his methods of work, but with much sensitivity and sympathy.
• The “Athenian Walk”, A new pedestrian approach to the Acropolis of Athens
• Alexander Papageorgiou-Venetas
  For several years, many Athenians have co-operated for the creation and completion of a ring of calm areas around the acropolis. Some of their aims have recently been achieved, but much is still to be done. The different parks, pedestrian areas, excavation sites and recreation areas in the centre of Athens have been finally united - to the profit of both Athenian inhabitants and foreign tourists.
• Impressionen aus Pirin- und Vardar-Makedonien
• Alexander Jossifidis
  During summer 1997 the author made a journey leading through the Bulgarian part of Macedonia as well as through the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. He visited numerous places of historic importance concerning the Macedonian Struggle and talked with Bulgarian nationalists as well as with historians of the University of Skopje. In this way, an atmospheric picture focussing on the interpretation of the Macedonian history could be drawn.
• My visit to Argaki, Saturday, May 17th 2003
• Peter Loizos
  This short article reports on the things seen, done and heard by four Greek Cypriots from Argaki village, when they re-visited the village for the first time in 29 years. One of these, the author, has a bio-social link to the village, and made its politcal development the subject of his doctoral thesis, and the plight of the villagers in the first 15 months of their displacement after the Turkish invasion of 1974. All four Greek Cypriots found some apsects of the visit discomfiting, but they also took pleasure in the visit. In their memories the village had been larger, brighter, and a Greek-and-Turkish mixed village. They now found it smaller, poorer and exclusively Turkish. Some of the group could not find their previous homes because they had collapsed. But renewed contacts with Turkish Cyrpiots who in happier days had been their neighbours were positive. One value in this article is that it was made before Greek Cypriot responses to visiting became foreshortened and formulaic.
• Das Signal. Einige Gedanken zum Kulturverständnis der Griechen aus Anlass der Eröffnungsfeier der Olympischen Spiele Athen 2004
• Danae Coulmas
  Classical antiquity has always been an important part of the Greeks’ cultural identity. Their relation to this past, however, has often been ambivalent and sometimes adopted traits of genealogical cult and selfaggranddisement that led even to ideological misuse of the antique heritage (cf. the corresponding article by D.C. in this Thetis). However, when in summer 2004 the Olympic Games returned to the country of their origin one could observe a significant change of consciousness: On the occasion of the opening ceremony young Greek artists presented antiquity masterly by using most modern means and showed to the world a new, sovereign and at the same time bright obviousness. Problematic stereotypes seemed to belong to the past. The present article attempts to interpret this signal. It comes from a Greece that is developing in a European and global perspective but reminds its identity in a new sovereign manner.
• American Power in Babylonian Lands
• Vassilis K. Fouskas
  The ‘greater Middle East’ project, officially launched in May-June 2004, has been presented by the US as an extension of trade benefits to the Middle East and Central Asia, programmes of technology and know-how transfer, WTO involvement, legal aid, educational exchange programmes and so forth. Does this liberal prescription fits into the realities of US power-politics and neo-imperial geopolitics in the region? This article discusses the US initiative and argues that it makes sense only if inserted into the wider framework of an agressive Anglo-saxon programme aiming at the domination of the region and its resources.
• How much ‘space’ do we create for ‘the other’ in our identity?
• Sevgül Uludag
  Since 1974 the Turkish Government has been changing the demographic composition of the island’s population. More than 100.000 “settlers” were moved to Cyprus with the aim of producing for Turkey a more favourable polulation balance of 4:3 which used to be 4:1. Thus it was hoped that in future negotiations the Turkish side would to be able to keep greatest part of the territory occupied in 1974. This immigration and an ever more tightening control of Turkey over the affairs of the Turkish Cypriots led to their emigration in increasing numbers. Today half of the Turkish Cypriots live outside Cyprus; in the island they have become a minority. All this is known in general terms but Europeans have little or no detailed information about the human side of this immigration movement. Here is the importance of Uludag’s article; she made a broad field study of the “settlers” and presents some results of her research.

• Vertreibung der griechisch-orthodoxen Bürger aus Istanbul wider den Vertrag von Lausanne. Ein Zeitzeugenbericht
• Evangelos Alexandridis
  As the ethnic conflict in Constantinople reached a peak in 1918-20, Turkish nationalists vowed to rid the Ottoman capital of all non-Turkish elements. During the Lausanne negotiations in 1922 the Turkish delegates fought hard for the complete expulsion of the Greek-Orthodox population. But finally, under enormous pressure from the Allies, they had to accept the presence both of a small Greek minority and of the Patriarchate in the city of Constantinople. Despite the treaty the Turks continued to consider the Greek community as an alien element that had to be removed from Turkish territory. Whenever relations between Greece and Turkey grew tense the Turkish government exerted political and psychological pressure on the Greek minority. Finally the Greeks in Constantinople were forced to give up their business, to sell their properties and to emigrate. It thus seems that the decision to leave a Greek population in Turkey after 1922, because of commercial and/or political interests the English, French and Greek governments, was a mistake. The article is based on the author’s personal remembrances.