Thetis

Mannheimer Beiträge zur klassischen Archäologie und Geschichte Griechenlands und Zyperns
Herausgegeben von Reinhard Stupperich und Heinz A. Richter

Band 20 (2013) ISBN 978-3-447-06890-1 online bestellen

• Europa und der Stier – Eine mythologische Kontinuität
• Stamatis Lymperopoulos
  The abduction of the Phoenician princess of Europe by Zeus from the Orient to Crete was a very popular subject in the ancient world. Since the fifth century B.C. the name is used in connection with the geographical term, but it remains within the narrow bounds of understanding the world in those days. The subject of the abduction is shown in many genres of art just as it is used for centuries again and again. The Christian iconographia makes use of this motive of the metamorphosis of Zeus` transformation into a bull and treats it as equivalent to the incarnation of Jesus Christ. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance private houses and public places were decorated with carpets, faiances or sculptures on fountains. In the beginning of the 20th century, in the year 1905, it served as a wedding present from the Prussian cities for the wedding of crown prince Wilhelm I. Modern painters also deal with the abduction of Europe, particularly shortly before the Second World War. They show a threatening situation with the rape of Europe contrary to former representations in which the king`s daughter is more likely seduced and agrees to go along. Germany`s Nazi regime uses this subject as propaganda. They stress the predominance over the continent of Europe. After the war the caricaturists have a critical look at the subject. Political and, above all, economic matters are now circumscribed by the abduction of Europe satirically.
• 90 Jahre Forschung der École Française d’Athènes im Palast von Malia/Kreta
• Veit Stürmer
  The paper presents shortly the most important results of 90 years of french excavations in the Minoan Palace of Malia. The focus is on the unpublished part of this excavations done by Olivier Pelon from 1964 until 1998 and the paper is also dedicated to him.
• Zur Rezeption der minoischen Kultur im Schulunterricht auf Kreta
• Katja Alexandrakis
  Since the „Renaissance“ of Minoan civilization within the initial 20th century the reception and consumption of the so-called Minoan culture has become pervasive in every corner of Crete. Even though the legendary island had an extensive relevance during Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine times, it always comes to the Bronze Age when highlighting the Cretan’s cultural heritage and local pride. The physical surroundings of archaeological sites and artefacts play a huge role in developing local identity. As well in primary as in secondary school and the greek Lykeion the Bronze Age of Crete is taught. In this context the following article analyses school books and the contents of teaching in order to prove pedagogical objectivity and actuality. Can school books in Greece be objective?
• The words Poikilos and Krotokos in connection with clothing and the search for the sources of the ancient Greek dress
• Andriani Koutsakou
  Multi-colored (poikilos) and yellow garments (krokotos) appear in the Aegean and mainland Greek iconography since the Bronze Age period and always in a special, mostly ritual context. They are worn by both sexes at that period but later the yellow garment becomes associated only with women and one male deity, Dionysus, whose the androgynous nature may explain this use. The fact that Dionysus and Artemis are both associated with the yellow garment on one hand and with the leopard on the other makes it interesting to examine the possibility of a connection between that animal and the ritual dress in the Greek area. The constant influence of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Near East on the Aegean is unquestionable. But these are exactly the areas where the leopard had a special significance and in the case of Egypt, at least, we have proof that it played an important role in religion and beliefs concerning the afterlife. Anatolia seems to have venerated the leopard since the Neolithic period and maybe earlier. Many deities include this animal in their attributes. Some of them were also adopted by 1st.mill.BC Greece. The sporadic finds from the Late Bronze Age period show the existence of the leopard in iconography and also of garments which may have been an imitation of leopard skin in fabric, as it was the case in Egypt. Figures wearing an actual leopard skin also exist in the Mycenaean period. All this makes it probable that this animal inspired some fabric motifs and these fabrics were used for special ritual garments.
• Der Heuschreck und die Rebenblüte. Zur „Vogelstellerschale“ im Louvre
• Erika Simon
  In this paper I would like to present a reinterpretation of the image on an archaic bowl in Paris, Louvre F 68. The picture shows a flying man in the middle of several vines as well as a bird and an insect which should be a locust. Instead of a dancing or a bird hunting figure, the scene rather depicts birds protecting the vines from locusts under the order of the gods - in this picture represented by the bearded flying person in the middle. Several examples of gods (mostly Zeus and Apollon) fending off locusts are found in literary sources such as Strabon and Pausanias.

• Hera in Olympia: Tempel, Kult und Münzprägung
• András Patay-Horváth
  Contrary to the prevailing scholarly opinion, the analysis of the available evidence allows the conclusion that the early archaic peripteros at Olympia was dedicated exclusively to Hera already from the beginning, and the cult of Hera was similarly ancient and connected to warfare, as that of Zeus. It can be demonstrated, that the temple was not built by local communities, but by foreign sponsors, most probably by Sparta after conquering Messenia. Regarding the elean coinage with the head of Hera, the paper offers a revised dating (beginning ca. 400 BC instead of the generally accepted date around 420 BC) and a discussion of its purpose and proper historical setting.

• Maroneia. Lokale Feinkeramik spätklassischer und hellenistischer Zeit.
• Maria Deoudi
  Archaeological contributions to the topic of city foundings on the Thracian coast have so far been sparse due to the fact that many excavations, as well as excavated materials, have not been published. Therefore this article seeks to close this gap by presenting fineware from the polis of Maroneia, situated between Abdera and Mesembria. In the partly excavated living quarters in the city’s southern part nu­mer­ous portable objects – mostly pottery – of late classical and early hellenistic times have been found, which give important information about regional developments of the local material culture.

• Von Heimchen und Hausdrachen. Die Ehefrauen in den Komödien des Menander
• Horst-Dieter Blume
  In classical Athens citizen women were largely re­stric­ted to their house. The scene of Menander’s plays was the street, so wives and marriageable daughters seldom appear on stage. Consequently, Pollux has listed only few masks of free-born young women. Though there exist a number of misogynist maxims in comedy, that warn a man not to marry, they do not affect the general character of the plays that all end in marriage. The wives silently contribute to a happy ending, smoothing their husbands’ fits of anger. A remarkable exception is a rich heiress in Plokion: she plays an active part on stage and her meddling drives the husband to despair.

• Zur Überlieferung von griechischen Porträtfassungen
• Martha Weber
  The paper studies how portraits of Greek writers were per­ceived and their iconography handed down in Ro­man times. The focus of the article lies on Homer and the portraits of Lykurgos, showing the three classical dramatists. Furthermore, the question of the criteria necessary to identify faithful copies is discussed.

• Der Gehweg an innerstädtischen römischen Straßen – Gestaltung und Funktion
• Rosmarie Günther
  Streets with sidewalks are a city’s blood vessels. The study shows clearly that Roman streets with their roofed sidewalks were rather comfortable and played a decisive role. At the same time the sidewalks constituted a vital part of the human living space. The borderline between anonymity or rather privacy and public interaction was far less distinct in Roman times than today. Sidewalks were not only means to walk, but also a place to communicate or show off, framed by workshops, restaurants and places for recreation. Graffitis on the facades along the sidewalks show political participation in the municipal regime. Worshipping spots on them deepened the relations between neigbours. These multiple usage functions prove that ancient cities were as urban as modern ones.

• Sportkrawalle im frühen Byzanz (5.-­7. Jh.).
• Klaus-Peter Todt
  After the abolition or reduction of gladiatorial and wild beast shows (ca. 500) chariot races became the most im­portant part of the public spectacles in the circuses of the imperial residences (Constantinople, Antioch and Thessalonica), the provincial capitals or provincial cities. In Republican Rome it was the duty of some Republican officials to organize the public spectacles in Rome with the support of four private professional companies (factiones), each with a special colour, the Red faction, the White faction, the Blue faction and the Green faction. Since the 4th and 5th centuries the partisans of these factions were organized in fan clubs, the „demes“ (from Greek demos, „people“). In this period the public spectacles were more and more controlled and fi­nan­ced by the emperors and their officials, especially in Constantinople. During the reigns of the emperors Zeno (474-475 and 476-491), Anastasius I (491-518), Justin I (518-527) and Justinian I (518-565) the fans of the Blue and the Green factions incited a lot of dangerous riots in Constantinople, in Antioch and in other cities of the Empire attacking the partisans of the rival faction or the Emperor himself, his officials (for example the prefect of Constantinople), his policemen and soldiers (especially in 491, 493, 498, 507, 512, 514, 532, 548, 556, and in 561-565). These riots were frequently, but not always an expression of simple hooliganism and vandalism. Sometimes they were a serious protest against the religious policy of an Emperor, against corrupt officials or against high prices and starvation. During the revolt against the Emperor Maurice (582-602) and during the revolution against the Emperor Phocas (602-610) the fan clubs of the Blues and Greens in Constantinople and in the provincial capitals and cities played a very prominent role. In October 610 Heraclius the Younger overthrew the regime of Phocas with the massive support of the fans of the Green faction and ascended the imperial throne.

• Vom Nutzen der Geschichte für die Politik: angewandte Wissenschaft bei Mehmed dem Eroberer. Mehmed Fatih – Achilles – Alexander der Große.
• Johannes Koder
  Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror was a gifted politici­an with a well developed sense for propaganda, who worked continuously on his myth-making. Thanks to his erudition he understood the importance of the historical dimension for the actual politics; he connected his propaganda – and his fate – with two dimensions of history:
  1. the convergence of Ottoman and Muslim greatness: His name was for him a challenge. Although, as far as we know, personally not religious, he nevertheless acted consciously as religious leader for the Muslims. He understood this position as a useful tool for the historic mission to conquer, as a “new Mohammed”, the new Rome, and to strive after the final victory of the true faith for the Ecumene. 2. the reference to the Ancient, pre-Christian world: The overlapping antagonisms Hellenes / Barbaroi and Europe / Asia formed an important part of historiography and political ideology since Herodotus. These antagonisms inspired the youthful Mehmed, to present himself as the most important successor of the heroes of a ncient history, above all the youthful world conqueror Alexander the Great, who was his shining example and at the same time his challenge, which he wanted to surpass in ruling over the pagan and Christian Ecumene.

• Anne Boleyn in Studley Royal. Eine kopflose Statue im frühesten Englischen Landschaftsgarten
• Reinhard Stupperich
  In Studley Royal near Ripon in North Yorkshire, may be the eldest English landscape garden, created by the once Chancellor of the Exchequer John Aislabie in die beginning of the 18th century a marvellous surprise view on the close by gothic ruins of Fountains Abbey was decorated by the headless marble torso nicknamed there­fore Anne Boleyn’s seat. This fragment formed part of an original Hellenistic colossal cult statue, perhaps from Asia Minor. As we know Aislabie found fragments of ancient sculpture in the cellar of his London house, built in the area of Arundel House the seat of Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel and creator of the first spectacular sculpture gallery in England in the early Jacobean era, this torso must have belonged to his collection, too, and probably was brought to England by his agent William Petty around the 1610s.

• Menschen und Orte in Griechenlands Reiseliteratur
• Niki Eideneier
  International travel literature on Greece is undergoing increasing dynamic growth. This paper’s primary concern however is the particular view of travel or topography d escriptions in Greek fiction. One notices immediately that this is more about the writers’ impressions and the key role of the people in their native places. The landscape shapes their characters, and vice versa: People also put certain stamps on their hometowns.

• im Land der Griechen – Eine kulturelle Nachlese
• Hans Eideneier
  “Seeking with the soul the land of the Greeks“ was, and still is the impetus of the Germans, even well beyond the 19th century. Goethe and Hölderlin were strictly bound to figures such as Iphigenia, Diotima, and places like Arcadia, that were being taught at German schools. A comparison with the real Greece of their day was not part of the agenda. Today especially Germany is missing bridges that could have been built during the 19th century to overcome this mentality steeped in romanticism.

• La réception de la notion de constitution par les juristes et les délégués aux assemblées constituantes en plein XIXe siècle en Grèce.
• Ivy Mavromoustakou
  Until about the end of the 19th century, Greek legal and politological thought oriented towards the French tradition of natural law, had been reproducing the values of classical liberal thought. The liberal values professed by Greek lawyers were certainly considerably altered by their osmosis with the rhetoric of romantic nationalism. They were however expressly set out in the Constitutions of 1844 and 1864 – especially so in the latter – in which the liberal institutions were consolidated. In order to specify the key features of the concept of the constitution, lawyers and delegates to the Constituent Assemblies make use of the political and constitutional history of Europe and of North America, as well as of contemporary reality. In parallel with these references to history, they establish a dialogue with personalities of the European culture. However, the legal tradition especially whereby it was sought to found the constitutional regime on history and political philosophy, is gradually declining towards the end of the 19th century. Finally, the turn of the century will mark the beginning of the efforts to pave the way for acceptance of the methodological tools of legal positivism and of the thought of German theorists of the positivist school.
  The present study refers to the models and the values which formed the basis for building in Greece a constitutional and centralized State – models that the legal world reproduced and formulated in its own particular way within the Greek reality of the 19th century. More specifically, we will study how the concepts of the constitution and of the ways in which power is organised were interpreted by the Press during the decade of absolutist government, by the delegates to the two constituent assemblies of the mid -19th century nd by the lawyers of that time and until almost the turn of the century.

• Philhellenismus in Deutschland und Großbritannien
• Günther Heydemann
  The insurrection of the Greeks against the Ottoman rule in the years 1821-1829 lead to the foundation of a national Greek state in 1831 and called forth a Philhellenic movement in Europe and America. A total of 1200 volunteers participated in the Greek struggle for national independence supported by various philhellenic societies in Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland, and Great Britain. The willingness to support the insurgent Greeks actively and passively was motivated by two reasons: on one side Greece, as the cradle of European civilisation should be helped to shake off the ‘Turkish yoke’ for cultural and educational reasons whereas on the other side the Greeks, as an old Christian people, should be supported against their ‘pagan oppressors’ for religious-humanitarian motives. Moreover, it was desired to bring Greece that liberty which did not exist in the Europe of Restauration after 1815. Insofar, the struggle for Greece’s liberation also functioned as a surrogate for the bondage under Metternich’s system. However, the actual military contribution of the European volunteers in Greece was rather modest. The loss of lives was high, over a third of the Philhellenes did not return to their home countries or died of epidemic plagues and malaria. Furthermore, the arrival of European volunteers in Greece resulted in a profound disillusion: the intellectual helpers with their ideals of the an­tique Greek classic heroes clashed with the reality of the rural life of Greek farmers and shepherds. The degree of disappointment was so great - especially among the German Philhellenes - that they soon prepared for their homeward journeys. Despite being equally formed by a classic ideal of Greek antiquity, in contrast, the British Philhellenes had a more realistic perception of the actual situation in Greece due to their access to a free press. However, the British hilhellenism was motivated to create Greece as a new constitutional state that should function as a model for Europe, but this idea subsequently turned out to be an illusion as well. All in all, both the German as well as the British Philhellenism failed, because it was not until the naval battle of Navarino in 1827 that lead to the destruction of the Turkish-Egyptian fleet through a British-French-Russian fleet armada, brought a successful liberation of Greece.

• Eine neuzeitliche „Periegese“ Griechenlands. Der „südöstliche Bildersaal“ (1840-1841) des Fürsten Hermann von Pückler-Muskau.
• Alexander Papageorgiou-Venetas
  In 1836, Fürst Hermann von Pückler-Muskau, a well known German writer and landscape gardener, travelled through Greece for nearly a year. He anonymously published the journal of his travel with the title „Südöstlicher Bildersaal. Griechische Leiden“ four years later. His descriptions mostly consist of detailed and precise characterisations of the Greek society, everyday life and the personality of the people. Although he often uses anecdotes and created opposits to illustrate his observations, his reports are remarkably

• Voyageurs français dans l’île de Chypre au XIXe siècle
• Lucie Bonato
  Until the mid-nineteenth century, Cyprus was primarily the destination of those who needed to achieve there a diplomatic, evangelical or business mission. Travelers arrived in the island by duty or by chance and the English were in majority. As from 1845, the island attracted scientists’ attention, the French being pioneers in several areas: medieval history, geology, archeology, photography. As from 1865, they virtually disappear from the Cyprus scene, to come back during the last decade of the century with the arrival of several scholars and the call of the first French „tourists“ at Famagusta.

• Greek perceptions of the First Balkan War and Venizelos’s efforts to preserve the Balkan Alliance.
• Spyridon Sfetas
  For the Greeks the First Balkan War was the Greek revenge for the defeat of 1897. It reestablished the reputation of the humiliated Greek state. The so called „Great Idea“ got a clear-cut meaning. The historical mission of the Greeks was not merely to civilize the Orient, but to unite the Greeks into one Kingdom. Old prophecies about the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire revived. Venizelos believed that Greece should evolve into a maritime power to the detriment of the Ottoman Empire, but in compliance with the Great Powers and taking the international circumstances into account. Venizelos’s long term policy towards the Ottoman Empire had underlain his efforts to preserve the Balkan Alliance.

• Greek Bilingual Writers
• George Giannaris
  The present essay examines the phenomenon of bilin­gua­lism in literature, and more specifically Greek speak­ing and writing authors who have written literary works in more than one language, works that have met success recognition among the reading public. The purpose of the essay is to analyze the synthesis of two or maybe three literary attempts by a single individual who possesses deep knowledge of several languages and produces literary works with merit that can compete in the world arena of Letters. The section deals with the lan­guages and types of literature that have been published by authors of Greek origin who write in two or possess knowledge of more than one languages, as well as implement themes that are imported into the literature of another language. Although there is a considerable number of authors of Greek origin who write and publish literary works in other European languages, I limit myself to strictly prose, poetry, and drama, while I remind the reader that a vast number of scholars, critics, research workers have produced an immense amount of significant studies. Coming closer to more familiar grounds, one will observe that the essay includes people such as Dionysios Solomos, Jean Moreas, Dimitris Kapetanakis, Nicolas Calas, Theodore Dorros, Constantine Kavaphis, Nikos Kazantzakis and Kay Cicellis.

• Deutsche Gesandtschafts- und Konsulatsberichte über den „Bandenkampf“ in Makedonien (1903-1908).
• Vaios Kalogrias
  During the last period of the Ottoman Empire a guerilla struggle between armed Christian groups took place in Macedonia (1903-1908). Especially Greek, Bulgarian and Serb “Bands” fought each other with the purpose to extend their influence over the Christian populations of that area. The most efficient organization was the Bulgarian IMRO, which tried to achieve the autonomy of Macedonia. On contrary, Greek and Serb organizations were mostly trying to avoid the “Bulgarization” of the Macedonian lands. The armed clash was a serious threat for the Ottoman state and was condemned by the Great Powers. German sources provide us with useful information about the character of the “Bandenkampf” and the nationalist antagonisms between the Balkan governments. They also describe the fears of the Reich about the outbreak of a European war. The Macedonian question was indeed a trouble spot of the European diplomacy.

• , “Kunstschutz im Kriege”. The Forgotten Scholarly Expeditions of the Central Powers in South-East Europe during World War I.
• Mihailo St. Popovic
  The present article illustrates the scholarly activity of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna (Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien) behind the frontlines of the Central Powers in South-East Europe during World War I (1914-1918). Both the Austrian State Archives and the Archive of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Archiv der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) preserve invaluable material on the above-mentioned scholarly activity. After outlining the historical and geographical setting the author puts an emphasis on a “Kunstgeschichtlich-ethnographische und archäologisch-linguistische Forschungsreise in den k.u.k. Okkupationsgebieten Serbiens, Montenegros und Al­baniens” in the year 1916. The evidence published in this article for the first time is without doubt only the peak of an archival iceberg, which the author will explore in-depth in the near future by including additional archival material from Germany and Bulgaria.

• Greek Diplomacy towards Fascist Italy, 1922-1940
• Antonis Klapsis
  The article seeks to explore Greek foreign policy towards Italy from the establishment of the Fascist regime to the outbreak of the Greek-Italian War in October 1940. Covering a time span of almost two decades, the article focuses on the most important incidents that shaped the way Athens viewed the evolution of Greek-Italian relations during this period. In this context, it is argued that after the mid-1920s Athens sought to establish cordial relations with Rome as a means of exiting its post-Lausanne diplomatic isolation and as a tool for counterbalancing pressures from other neighbors (or, in the sui generis case of the Pangalos dictatorship, to form an anti-Turkish alliance with Italy). However, this attitude gradually changed after the early 1930s, as Greece became more and more apprehensive of Italian revisionism and expansionism, which in the end led to the complete rupture of bilateral relations during the Second World War.

• Der unerklärte Krieg der nationalistischen Organisationen in der griechischen Gesellschaft der Zwischenkriegszeit: Ideologie, Rhetorik und Ausgrenzungen
• Stratos Dordanas
  The article is concerned with some of the most prominent Greek nationalist organizations of the interwar period, charting their inception, rise to power and decline. The factors that fostered the appearance of such organizations and reinforced their interventionist role in Greek society are examined through the study of the ideological arsenal of the organizations’ leaders, the rhetorical dynamics, and their degree of impact on the base of society and on the socio-political elite. As with the rest of Europe, nationalism and militarism comprised the con­sti­tutional pillars in Greece at this time, while a new patriotism - arising from the alarm of international communism - entered the national scene through the political programs and the political declarations of these various or­ganizations.

• Deutsche Künstler und Intellektuelle als Besatzungssoldaten auf Kreta.
• Harald Gilbert
  In the Second World War Crete was occupied by German and Italian troops. They were waiting for an allied invasion which, however, never occured. So some peaceful activities were possible, too. German scientists explored animal life in the White Mountains. Erhart Kästner, a well known author, traveled in Crete and described his impressions and experiences in a rather famous book, perhaps the most read book about Crete ever written by a German author. Painters like Rudo Schwarz and Alfons Abel were deeply impressed by Crete. They could perform an impressive artistic work. The paintings of Schwarz were recently published at Iraklion, those of Abel will be published here.

• Die Darstellung des Zweiten Weltkrieges im griechischen Lied
• Loukas Lymperopoulos,
  Songs can have a variety of different functions like entertainment, collective memorial history, impression of political views etc.The second world war lasted for four years in Greece, from October 1940 – October 1944. There were thousands of casualties and immense financial dammages. This essay shows how the Greeks survived through the war in its different phases and how these experiences took shape in songs. The course of war is presented in a short description and the appropriate songs corresponding are related to the different phases. In order to understand the songs better the translations are not given literally but with their basic meaning. Notes of the music for some songs indicate the tunes.

• Generaloberst Alexander Löhr. Befehlshaber der österreichischen Luftstreitkräfte - Chef der Luftflotte 4 - Ober­befehlshaber Südost in Saloniki
• Gerhard Weber
  Colonel General Alexander Löhr was one of the most important Austrian officers in the Wehrmacht. Before Austria was incorporated into the third Reich he played an important role in the secret rebuilding of the new Austrian air force. In 1938 Löhr was recruited by the Wehrmacht as Commander of the “Luftflotte 4”, which in September 1939 realized the bombing of Warschau. In April 1941 the “Luftflotte 4” bombed Belgrade following Hitler’s order to destroy the city. In those two military actions Löhr already realized his idea of the leading role of air forces in military warfare of which he was convinced since the ‘1920s. On direct instruction of Hitler in July 1942 Löhr became the “Commander Southeast” in Salonika. In this position he was responsible for oppressive measures against partisans in Greece and Yugoslavia. Although personally he was modest and polite in his behaviour, he executed all the orders and did this in some cases more severely. Written statements of Löhr prove that his own positions were quite close to the national-socialist ideology. In 1947 was convicted of war crimes and executed in Belgrade.

• „Den Raum als Einheit erfassen“. Südosteuropa als Kommunikationsraum in den Zukunftsplänen und Diskussionen über die nationalsozialistische „Neue europäische Ordnung“ 1940-1945.
• Milan Ristovic,
  Planing the future of „supplementary economic space“ on the Southeast took into accaunt its great importance for the Third Reich as the space which geographically and in transport terms constituites a bridge toward other major areas. Ambitious plans for the construction of a network of new communications through the Southeast have been updated. Promotion of sailing on the Danube was planned, since extreme was attached to this rever as the German river“ and communication artery which should connect, passing across the Southeast, the political and economic center of Grossraum with the newly-conquered Lebensraum in the East. Old plans have been modified with the addition of new, more ambitious ones, such as construction of a dense network of canal that would connect the Danube with Morava, Vardar and Aegean, etc. Construction of a highway that should „keep the space together“ from Hamburg to Bosporus was also discussed. The Southeast should have become a c ommunication springboard for penetration to the Near East and Middle East, Northern Africa.

• Old Interpretations and New Approaches in the Historiography of the Greek Civil War.
• John Sakkas
  This article outlines the main body of literature on the Greek civil war and evaluates the changing historiographical trends in the field since the 1950s. Specifically, the article demonstrates how the study of the civil war has evolved in three areas: historical approaches, research fields and topics, and methodological tools. Dur­ing the Cold War scholarly research centred narrowly on high politics and diplomacy and the political question of whether the Greek Communist Party or Anglo-American policy makers were more responsible for its outbreak. After the collapse of the Soviet Union it began to focus on the social and economic aspects of the civil war and to examine a series of issues ranging from local histories and case studies to gender and ethnic relations. The article concludes by raising several challenges and opportunities facing the study of the civil war period both at present and in the future.

• Sühnung von Kriegsverbrechen, Reparationsforderungen und der Fall Merten.
• Heinz A. Richter
  This study analyses these three subjects: The post-war judicial persecution of German war criminals in Greece and in Germany, the question of German reparations to be paid to Greece and the case of Max Merten who there still is considered as a major war criminal. The article shows how the first instalment of German reparations in the form of dismounted industrial goods worth about 30 million dollars never reached Greece. Had this material arrived in Greece a basis for an industrial development might have been created. The second camouflaged reparation payment was the 200 million Deutschmark investment loan of 1957. The well-known 115 million mark payment was not a reparation but an indemnity for victims of Nazi terror, i. e. primarily the Jews. When Bonn began to drag its feet during the negotiations, the Greek authorities arrested Max Merten a former administrative officer in Salonika and used him as a kind of hostage to put pressure on the Bonn Government. This study shows the interdependence of the three topics.

• Zum 125. Geburtstag von Hans Freyer am 31.7.2012. Ein Beitrag zur deutsch-türkischen akademischen Kooperation
• Brigitte Freyer-Schauenburg
  As visiting professor at Ankara University in the 1950s and 1960s Hans Freyer played a decisive role in establishing the discipline of Sociology in the Republic of Turkey. His scholarly activities were combined with a profound attachment of the whole Freyer-family to the country and its history.

• Der deutsch-deutsche Kampf um Nikosia. Städtepartnerschaften als politisches Mittel im Kalten Krieg
• Thorsten Kruse
  During the Cold War, Cyprus was repeatedly in the focus of the interests of the two German states. Between 1964 and 1972 the relations of these three countries were influenced by the tense conflict between the two German states. Both Bonn and East-Berlin tried to gain political and economic nfluence on different levels. One level was the matter of “town twinning”. Since 1964 this means of local government politics became a tool the Foreign Ministries of both German states liked to use. In 1965 the East German city of Schwerin as well as the West German city of Karlsruhe to become the “twin city” of Nicosia – the capital of the Republic of Cyprus. Both tried to achieve their aim by employing more or less legal methods of political persuasion. But the Cypriots on the other hand tried to play their own game concerning the question of “town twinning”.

• Geopolitics, Vulnerability and Populism. Greece's Failure to Pursue a Comprehensive Ostpolitik, 1959-1972.
• Evanthis Hatzivassiliou
  Viewing itself as a minor and geographically exposed member of the Western world, Greece tended to be sceptical about the prospect of détente, fearing that its interests might easily be neglected in an overall East-West negotiation. This article attempts to interpret the Greek failure to formulate a comprehensive Ostpolitik until the early 1970s. It argues that the sense of vulnerability played a major role in Athens’ scepticism regarding a forward policy towards the East. At the same time, a country going through a tense crisis of legitimization – as Greece was, in the mid-1960s – could easily fall prey to internal political passions and populism, the impact of which on Eastern policy was corrosive. An imaginative détente policy required a confidence regarding relations with the West, that Greece lacked throughout this period.

• Turkey’s Neo-Ottoman policy and the Greece-Israel-Cyprus Axis. Historical and Geopolitical Parameters.
• Andreas Stergiou
  A redrawing of the political map and significant shifts in the traditional balance of power following the Arab Spring led Turkey and Russia to claim new roles in the south-eastern Mediterranean. The energy deposits in the Cypriot and Israeli Exclusive Economic Zones discovered between 2009 and 2011 and the deteriorating Turkish-Israeli relations since 2008 triggered serious tensions in the region. Indeed, due to a series of bellicose incidents during 2008-11, the relationship between Israel and Turkey went through a period of great tension after 50 years of close and successful cooperation. In a classic example of the “enemy of my enemy is my friend”, Israel and Cyprus – and by extension Greece – came together into a natural alliance. For the first time in their history, Athens and Nicosia gradually set a pro-Israel course with cross-party consensus. Israel needs Greece and Cyprus because it lacks strategic depth and, in part, maritime experience. Greece and Cyprus need an ally that can provide strong technical, strategic and military support against Turkey. The expected economic benefits from huge natural gas and oil reserves, in particular those lying in the Exclusive Economic Zone of the three countries, contributed significantly to the formation of the alliance. The article discusses the geopolitical and historical background of these developments.

• The Church of Cyprus’ Transition into the 21st Century
• Victor Roudometof
  This article examines the institutional changes of the Church of Cyprus during the colonial (1878-1960) & post-colonial periods of the island (1960-2006). During the colonial era, the Office of the Archbishop became a post of national leadership for the Greek Cypriot nationalist movement. Its peak was the reign of Archbishop Makarios III who served as the Republic of Cyprus’ first President (1960-1977). Gradually, after his 1977 passing, synodical governance was reestablished. This process was completed after the 2006 archiepiscopal elections with the drafting a new Constitutional Charter. These changes are analyzed in terms of the Church’s shifting role from a nation-leading authority toward a mainstream religious institution operating in a modernizing 21st century society.

• Ökumenischer und real-existierender Hellenismus. Wie der ökumenische Hellenismus sich dem Überleben der real existierenden Hellenen entgegenstellt – Kritische Bemerkungen.
• Konstantinos P. Romanós
  The values of ecumenical Hellenism have long prevailed in the civilized world, but what about the living Greeks themselves? This essay is dedicated to them, to the problem of their survival and to their importance for the free spirits of Europe today.

• Politische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklungen auf Zypern 2011-12
• Hubert Faustmann
  The article analyses the main political, social and economic developments in Cyprus in 2011 and 2012. The contribution is not an academic article in the strict sense as it is based on two internal reports of the author for the German NGO Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. The first part is almost identical with the annual report for 2011 written in January 2012, the second a much longer version of the account for 2012, authored in January 2013. The text deals with the Mari disaster in 2011 and the ensuing deterioration of the political support of President Demetris Christofias, the talks about the reunification of the island (which came to a standstill in Spring 2012), the EU presidency of the Republic of Cyprus in the second half of 2012, the prelude of the presidential elections in the south ( which took place in February 2013), the main developments in the dispute between the Turkish side and the Greek Cypriots over the Hydrocarbons off the coast of Cyprus, the threatening bankruptcy of the Republic of Cyprus and the negotiations with the Troika about a bail out but also with the developments in the north (in particular the austerity measures and ongoing Turkification).

• Abschied von Iphigenia. Gedanken zu einem versagenden kulturellen Muster
• Danae Coulmas
  The present international economic crisis caused a deep obfuscation of Greek-German relations. The old cultural pattern of German philhellenism based on classical times collapsed and brought about a deep misunderstanding based on prejudices. Today Greeks and Germans need to find new ways of understanding on the basis of a new European intercultural approach.

• Die politische Kultur Griechenlands – Ein Essay.
• Heinz A. Richter
  This essay analyses the political culture of Greece and compares it with the political culture of Western Europe. It comes to the conclusion that they differ totally. Greek political culture is based on clientelism. Clientelism penetrates the whole society. Political parties are clientelistic networks based on the rousfeti system. For the average Greek living in such a state it is quite normal that he tries to cheat it as much as possible. The Oligarchy exploits the state, steals its money and is taxfree.

• La crise socio-politique et économique de la Grèce actuelle. Regard rétrospectif sur un moment concernant son histoire
• Areti Tounta-Fergadi
  It is doubtless that for more than two years now Greece has been involved in a crisis which is mostly “national” in nature, with all the meanings that this word contains. We live tragically crucial and painful moments. As a result, there are many reasons that press upon a deeper look in Greece’s historical past, in order to boost our national consciousness and reinforce once again our self-respect and our dignity. The inherent weaknesses of the modern Greek state from the moment of its official establishment (1830), its weak economy, its limited geographical territory which was however very important from a geostrategic point of view – a fact that made it vulnerable to the desires and the rivalries of neighboring and non-neighboring countries, made the resort to external lending unavoidable, whereas at the same time they provided its foreign “friends” opportunities for frequent interventions. The Asia Minor campaign and the consequent tragedy of Smyrna resulted in the creation of the refugee problem, a fact that obliged the Greek state to seek for external lending. The consultations with the League of Nations and with the foreign lenders for issuing a second refugee loan (1928), which was part of the so­called Tripartite Loan, were conducted mainly by George Kafantaris, Minister of Finance in the government of Alexandros Zaimis.

• Was Sie womöglich schon lange über die griechische Krise wissen wollten, doch so noch nirgends lesen konnten
• Konstantinos P. Romanós
  The debt-crisis of Greece rests upon the foundation of a progressing demographical and ideological destruction of Greek society through Globalization and its agents. Il­legal migration of a scale unknown to other European countries, accompanied by a silent transformation of national education into multiculturalism, have undercut the coherence of Greek society as well as its potential for resistance against corrupt politicians who on top of everything created an odious debt of the country as a whole. Nonetheless must Germany, and those European countries that followed in conducting an unprecedented character assassination of the Greeks in the media and public debate, finally realize that they are rendering a poor service to European solidarity, as well as to the values of democracy, humanism and autonomy, which are a part of the historical Greek heritage of European civilization.