Thetis

Mannheimer Beiträge zur klassischen Archäologie und Geschichte Griechenlands und Zyperns
Herausgegeben von Reinhard Stupperich und Heinz A. Richter

Band 9 (2002) ISBN 978-3-941336-39-1

• Kultmaske oder Rhyton? Zur Frage der Rekonstruktion des mykenischen Stierkopffragments von Epidauros
• Matthias Steinhart
  The fragment of a great bronze bull-head from Epidauros was reconstructed by V. Lambrinoudakis as a rhyton, but thought by S. P. Morris to be part of a mask for mimetic cultic performances. The evidence for such Minoan or Mycenaean performances with masks of animals is discussed, especially the often mentioned case of the “Minoan Genius” and similar creatures. As there is no evidence for such performances and as rhyta in shape of bulls are well known, it is argued that the fragment from Epidauros belongs to such a rhyton, which would be the first surely made from bronze.
• Raum und Gegenstand, Teil II
• Hans v. Steuben
  Part I dealt with natural assemblies in a circle form out of which round forms of profane and cultic places and buildings developed. Part II deals with an architecture characterized by straight lines and right-angles. The study shows how right-angled forms increasingly replaced round ones. Rectangular rooms were more easily divided into smaller units and could be linked to others bigger complexes. At the end of this development, we encounter a closed system of courts and squares surrounded by columned halls in the middle of other rectangular buildings and streets following the same rules.
• Der korinthische Helm ohne Busch als Strategenhelm
• Martha Weber
  All portraits wearing Corinthian helmets without crest like the well known head of Pericles may be considered as portraits of strategoi. This is proved on the basis of armed statuettes wearing Corinthian helmets without crest.
• Die Lage von Epikurs Garten in Athen
• Gerfried Christian Mandl
  To locate Epicurus’ Garden exactly as a point on a map is, at least at the moment, not possible. But it is possible to determine quite a small region in which the garden has been situated and thus to reject recent hypotheses of localisations. For this purpose the indications in our sources are sufficiently exact and can partly be combined with results of archaeological research in the north-western area of Athens. The garden was, therefore, somewhere along the northern section of the street leading from the Dipylon-Gate to the Gymnasium of the Academy; as the literary sources are indicating close to the entrance of the latter. Moreover, the article tries to answer two other questions: ‘What is the motive for errecting portrait-statues in philosophical schools?’ (place and function) and ‘What did philosophical schools (at least those which were called ‘gardens’) look like?’
• Tyche, Muse oder Nymphe? Brunnenfiguren aus Messene
• Maria Xagorari-Gleißner
  The Antonine fragmentary statuette of a seated female figure like Tyche of Antiocheia or the Muse Urania in the museum of Mavromati at Messene has a water channel from its bottom to the right side. The female figure functioned as a fountain like most figures of Nymphes. The same unusual function had also another late Hellenistic statuette of a seated female figure from Cos, which decorated a roof garden of a private villa. During Hellenism and the Roman times private gardens usually were decorated with statuettes of a Nymphe or of a river god, like the unknown river god made of basalt, also from Messene, which is presented here.
• Varus oder Germanicus? Zu den Fundmünzen von Kalkriese
• Heinrich Chantraine
  The evidence of the coins found at Kalkriese and the arguments about them are reviewed meticulously tending in favour of the proposed 9 AD date and against other datings suggested at the last Kalkriese conference.
• Tyrannenhaus und Kaiserkult. Zu einer angeblich römerfeindlichen Bemerkung bei Pausanias
• Matthias Steinhart
  Pausanias mentions in 2,8,1 a temenos in Sicyon for the cult of the Roman emperors, and gives the information that this place was earlier owned by the tyrant Kleon. This was understood by J. Elsner to be a strong ironic criticism. But here is shown, that an information on earlier owners is not un typical for Pausanias, and that in the case of Philopoimen - a hero of Greece’s freedom in Pausanias - we have the same story: Philopoimen got the house of Nabis from the Spartans. As in other cases this is a strong warning to discuss texts only with a view to Pausanias’ whole work.
• Zypern in der Antike. Veranstaltungen und Tagungen der letzten Zeit
• Reinhard Stupperich
  Several small conferences on problems of the history and archaeology of ancient Cyprus that took place during the last years are reviewed.

• Das griechische Erbe im frühmittelalterlichen Mitteleuropa. Zu den jüngsten Mittelalter-Ausstellungen in Deutschland
• Reinhard Stupperich
  The ancient legacy to the culture of early medieval Europe and the connection between the Greek Byzantine empire and contemporary central European kingdoms is much greater than often assumed, as could well be seen in several big exhibition on early medieval Europe that took place in Germany recently. They bear witness to the enormous Greek legacy in Western Europe.

• Georg Ludwig Ritter von Maurer. Leben und Werk des Rechtsgelehrten Georg Ludwig von Maurer, Sohn eines protestantischen Pfarrers aus Erpolzheim
• Egon W. Scherer
  The small village of Erpolzheim in the Bad Dürkheim district of the Palatinate inhabited today be less than a thousand people is the brithplace of a person who played a major role in German-Greek history. On 2 November 1754 Georg Ludwig Maurer was born in the still existing vicarage as son of the protestant vicar Johann Konrad Maurer. Young Maurer studied law, entered the Bavarian civil service and became professor, councillor of state and minister in Munich. After receiving a peerage he was sent on a mission to Greece. In 1833 he accompanied Prince Otto from Wittelsbach, chosen King of Greece, to the country of the Hellenes. Since Otto was under age a regency council of three ruled the country for some time. Maurer was one of the three in charge of justice and culture. In eighteen months he built the new foundations of the new state which can still be seen today.
• Stadt- und Landschaftsbilder aus Griechenland: Die Aquarelle des Architekten Ludwig Lange (1808-1868)
• Alexander Papageorgiou-Venetas
  The German architect Lange, who accompanied the painter Carl Rottmann sent to Greece by the Bavarian king Ludwig I, father of the first Greek king Othon, was an excellent and careful draftsman, whose drawings and paintings of Greek landscape and towns deserve to be collected and edited.
• Die griechische Identität zwischen Ästhetik und Ideologie
• Dimitrios Vlachos
  The third decade of the twentieth century introduced Greece with a new generation of poets and literati (Genia tou '30: Seferis, Elytis and others), of whom most were educated in Western Europe. Along with their poetical mythology, gave an answer to the question concerning the modern Greek cultural identity. This mythology was based upon the classical and romantic myth of the transcendent meaning of Greek nature, Greek sunlight and Greek landscape. All of which have the almost mystic power to inevitably form the character of the inhabitants of Greece from the ancient times until the present days. After a series of traumatic experience - exodus of the Greek people from their residences in Ionia (1922), the dictatorship of Metaxas , the massacres of World War II, and the atrocities of the Greek civil war - the modern Greek society and the liberal intelligentsia was able to obtain through the alternative of this mythical narrative the necessary self-confidence and the feeling of historical continuity and social cohesion. This humanitarian modern Greek myth was widely accepted not only in Greece but also in Europe and in the USA. This myth has formed worldwide the postwar image of modern Greek cultural identity. The process, however, of demythologization has already begun in the last years with unpleasant complications
• Lions Home. Das Wiedererstehen eines Hauses in der Altstadt von Nikosia
• Reinhard Stupperich
  During the last years the Nicosia branch of the Lions Club restaured in an exemplary way a nice late 19th century private town house in the centre of Nicosia and turned it into a shelter for orphan children and a cultural meeting centre.
• The First Cypriot Newspapers and the British Administration
• Andreas Cl. Sofokleous
  The objective of this paper is to examine whether there was freedom of the press in Cyprus during the first years of the British Rule, which was a transitional period from the Ottoman occupation to the British Administration and annexation of Cyprus (1878-1914). During this period the provisions of the oppressive Ottoman press law governed the publication and circulation of the Cypriot newspapers. On the basis of the provisions of this law, Greek Cypriot editors and journalists were sentenced to imprisonment or heavy fines. The first laws against the freedom of the press were introduced by the British administration in the 1920s with the main purpose to restrict the publication of any text of seditious context. The main objective of these laws was to combat the “enosis” with Greek movement.
• Ioannis Metaxas: Psychogramm eines Diktators
• Johann Benos
  General Ioannis Metaxas was the dictator of Greece from 1936-1941. Like most of the other dictators of the middle of 20th century was a political outsider and showed the same behavior and psychiatrical illness as his colleagues. He established a fashistoid goverment enriched with own ideas based on a romantic concept of an agrarian state. He was an ambivalent, distrustful, narcissistic personality. He suffered of paranoid ideas and depressions (perhaps he was maniac-depressive) accompanied by attacks of suicidal phantasies. His family suffered from hereditary mental diseases: His father was an asthenic personality, his grandmother and his brother were schizophrenic and his sister suffered of a depressive illness.
• An Overview of Social and Ideological Aspects of Collaboration in Greece, 1941-1944
• Rolandos Katsiaounis
  During the early stages of the Axis occupation of Greece collaboration was openly advocated by a very small fringe of far-right tendencies, defeatist army officers and German educated intellectuals, as well as a section of the country’s ethnic minorities. Within Greece’s traditional political world, which initially maintained a policy of co-existence with the status quo, collaboration appeared as a reaction against the influence of communist-led resistance. Generally instances of collaboration were more rare amongst the Right, given the strong pro-British bias of the Greek crown, than amongst the Centre, where certain circles were not averse to German patronage. However, by 1944, both major tendencies of Greece’s traditional politicians, in their effort to stem the rising tide of communism, ironed their differences and provided considerable support to the quisling administration
• Militärische Interventionen in Europa vor und während des Kalten Kriegs: Der Fall Griechenland
• Heinz A. Richter
  During the Cold War the Soviet Union intervened three times with armed forces in allied countries to preserve the established political order (East Germany 1953, Hungary 1956, Czechoslovakian 1968). The British intervention in Greece in December 1944 is seen as the first western example of that kind, as the first hot war in the Cold War.
• The Experience of the Civil War (1946-49) in a Greek Village
• John Sakkas
  The Greek civil war (1946-49) was Europe's bloodiest conflict between 1945 and the break up of Yugoslavia, and a turning point in the Cold War. The author of this paper concentrates on the domestic arena and explores the impact the internal conflict had on the individual and family life in a mountain village of Central Greece. Villagers who previously were kind and generous, and followed older, more flexible forms of political allegiance, suddenly turned to ideological extremism and mass violence. Whole families were split or uprooted, or perished altogether. In the immediate post civil war years the survivors, and especially those who were on the losing side, found it very difficult to adjust themselves to the new socio-political environment and to rebuild both theiw own lives and their much-reduced communities.
• Beloiannisz
• Alexander Jossifidis
  The Hungarian village of Beloiannis is located 60 km south of Budapest. It was founded in 1950 by Greek refugees who had to leave Greece during the Greek Civil War (1946-1949) because of their commitment to the left-wing resistance movement. They were former inhabitants of 263 Greek settlements. Some of the refugees had a slavophone background, that is why one can find a street in Beloiannis named after a Bulgarian or rather a Slav Macedonian rebel - written in Greek letters!
• A Reminiscence of the Unpublished Excavations Conducted by the Ashmoleon Museum at Euesperides in Cyrenaica 1952 - 54
• G. R. H. Wright
  The author a member of the excavation of Euesperides in Libya in the early 1950s remembers the working conditions on those days and reminds us that this excavation is still waiting for its publication.
• The Cultural Aspects of the Cyprus Problem
• Özdemir Özgür
  This study has aimed at determining the conditions that had aggravated the fragmented political culture in Cyprus, leading to political instability. It has examined the severity of the fragmentation, the differing political ideologies on fundamental political issues, the bi-polarity of sub-cultures, the imperfect or negative political socialization, the effective external support to one or more of the sub-cultures, and the political style of each sub-culture. It has ascertained that the Greek Cypriot sub-culture is more idea oriented while the Turkish Cypriot one is more reality oriented. It has also verified that the sub-cultural demands were contradictory both to each other and to the political system itself, and that it was the fragmented political culture that caused the collapse of the political system. It has concluded that the political culture in Cyprus, especially the political style, that is, the idealistic vs the pragmatic nature of the sub-cultures, strongly affected political behaviour.
• Die letzte Chance für eine Zypern-Lösung: Der Schlüssel liegt in Ankara
• Niels Kadritzke
  For many years the Cyprus negotiations under UN aegis have brought no progress and there is no sign of a breakthrough before December 2002 when Cyprus will be accepted as an EU member. Whatever solution will be found it must be based on one international personality; a divided Cyprus will neither be accepted by the UN nor by the EU. Consequently a solution based on the confederation model is excluded because it would acknowledge the separatist republic in Northern Cyprus (“TRNC”). However, the ruling elites in Ankara and the Denktash regime reject a federation and thus block a solution which would enable both parts of Cyprus to join the EU. This negative attitude weakens the legitimacy of Turkish Nationalism in the North of the island, but at the same time the Turkish Cypriots feel abandoned by their Greek compatriots whose priority is the entry into the EU and not the reunification of the island.
• AKEL - Kommunistische Partei Zyperns
• Heinz A. Richter
  The Communist Party of Cyprus is the most successful communist party in the western world: It is the strongest political force in the island and its chairman is the President of the Cypriot House of Representative. This study describes the history of the party and analyses the reasons for its success. At the same time the party’s so called mass organisations are reviewed which cover all strata of Cypriot society.

• Athens 1940-1945: A Personal Testimony
• Yolanda Terenzio
  The writing of this testimony - based on the events and diaries kept during the period 1940-1944 by a girl of 17-21 of age living in Athens barely having finished the Gymnasium at the German School - is most revealing of the prevailing atmosphere among the Greek population. The invasion by the Italian army on 28 October 1940 of the Greek frontier followed by the ultimatum rejected by Metaxas provoked the spontaneous wholehearted will of the Greek people to resist the attack inspite the unequal balance of forces. The subsequent German invasion on 6 April 1941 found the victorious Greeks in no mood to capitulate. They resisted to the amazement of the all powerful attackers who suffered considerable loss. The same automatic, almost primitive urge to resist prevailed among the Greek people during the whole occupation despite horrendous reprisals by the occupying forces. The author involved in such activities was arrested and deported to Austria. To the amazement of everybody the Austrian Reconciliation Fund after 58 years handed to the author for her forced deportation to Vienna by the SS in 1944 a compensation of 2.500€.